Study Context
This study explores how rising housing-related costs in Lebanon from 2021 to 2025 correlate with the frequency of festivals and concerts—used here as a proxy for summer home rental attractiveness.
- Variables Considered
- Municipal Fees
- Water Subscription Fees
- Electricity Subscription Fees
- Number of Festivals & Concerts
- Keywords
Lebanon, housing tax, summer rentals, municipal fees, water fees, electricity fees, festivals, ANOVA, correlation, trend extrapolation, economic impact, tourism, cultural decline
- Methodology
We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients to measure the strength and direction of linear relationships between variables.
Type | Variable |
Independent | Year (2021–2025) |
Primary Dependent | Housing tax increase |
Secondary Dependent | Municipal fees, water fees, electricity fees |
Tertiary Dependent | Number of festivals and concerts (as a proxy for rental attractiveness) |
- Sequential Dependency:
– Housing tax ↑ → Municipal/utility fees ↑ → Cultural activity ↓ → Summer rental demand ↓
- Set Hypotheses
- - Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference in the means across
- - Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): At least one year has a significantly different
Calculate ANOVA Components
- For each variable:
- Between-group variance: Measures variation between yearly means.
- Within-group variance: Measures variation within each year.
- Statistical Highlights
- Correlation Coefficients (r)
Variable | Correlation with Year |
Municipal Fees | +1.000 |
Water Subscription Fees | +1.000 |
Electricity Subscription Fees | +1.000 |
Festivals & Concerts | −0.998 |
- Descriptive Statistics (2021–2025)
Variable | Average | Std. Dev. |
Municipal Fees (USD). | 120 | 31.62 |
Water Fees (USD) | 95 | 15.81 |
Electricity Fees (USD) | 140 | 31.62 |
Festivals & Concerts (#) | 42 | 11.40 |
- ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
- F-statistic: 2.13
- p-value: 0.14 → Not statistically significant at α = 0.05
- Extrapolation to 2030
- Statistical Summary Table: Includes all metrics and extrapolated values.
Year | Municipal Fees | Water Fees | Electricity Fees | Festivals & Concerts |
2026 | 150 | 110 | 170 | 30 |
2027 | 180 | 125 | 200 | 25 |
2028 | 210 | 140 | 230 | 20 |
2029 | 240 | 155 | 260 | 15 |
2030 | 270 | 170 | 290 | 10 |
- Visual & Tabular Outputs
– Comparative Graph: Shows rising fees and declining cultural events.
- Results Summary
- Municipal, Water, and Electricity Fees are strongly positively correlated with each other.
- Festivals & Concerts show strong negative correlations with all fee variables—suggesting that as costs rise, cultural activity and demand on summerhouse rentals decline.
Here is the correlation matrix visualized:
- Suggested Further Research
- Regional disparities in fee increases and cultural activity.
- Impact on tourism and local economies (especially Shanay)
- Policy interventions to mitigate fee burden.
- Migration patterns and housing affordability.